Cracking the coding interview--Q19.5

Hawstein | February 21, 2013

题目

原文:

The Game of Master Mind is played as follows:

The computer has four slots containing balls that are red (R ), yellow (Y), green (G) or blue (B). For example, the computer might have RGGB (e.g., Slot #1 is red, Slots #2 and #3 are green, Slot #4 is blue).

You, the user, are trying to guess the solution. You might, for example, guess YRGB.When you guess the correct color for the correct slot, you get a “hit”. If you guess a color that exists but is in the wrong slot, you get a “pseudo-hit”. For example, the guess YRGB has 2 hits and one pseudo hit.

For each guess, you are told the number of hits and pseudo-hits. Write a method that, given a guess and a solution, returns the number of hits and pseudo hits.

译文:

Master Mind游戏规则如下:

4个槽,里面放4个球,球的颜色有4种,红(R ),黄(Y),绿(G),蓝(B)。比如, 给出一个排列RGGB,表示第一个槽放红色球,第二和第三个槽放绿色球,第四个槽放蓝色球。

你要去猜这个排列。比如你可能猜排列是:YRGB。当你猜的颜色是正确的,位置也是正确的, 你就得到一个hit,比如上面第3和第4个槽猜的和真实排列一样(都是GB),所以得到2个hit。 如果你猜的颜色在真实排列中是存在的,但位置没猜对,你就得到一个pseudo-hit。比如, 上面的R,猜对了颜色,但位置没对,得到一个pseudo-hit。

对于你的每次猜测,你会得到两个数:hits和pseudo-hits。写一个函数, 输入一个真实排列和一个猜测,返回hits和pseudo-hits。

解答

这个问题十分直观,但有一个地方需要去向面试官明确一下题意。关于pseudo-hits的定义, 猜对颜色但位置没对,得到一个pseudo-hit,这里是否可以包含重复?举个例子, 比如真实排列是:RYGB,猜测是:YRRR。那么hits很明显为0了。pseudo-hits呢? 猜测中Y对应真实排列中的Y,得到一个pseudo-hits。猜测中有3个R, 而真实排列中只有一个,那这里应该认为得到1个pseudo-hits还是3个? CTCI书认为是3个,想必理由是猜测中的3个R都满足:出现在真实排列中,位置不正确。 所以算3个。但我认为,这里算1个比较合理,真实排列中的R只和猜测中的一个R配对, 剩余的没有配对,不算。弄清题意后,代码就不难写出了。

以下是两种不同理解的实现:

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#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

struct Result{
    int hits;
    int pseudo_hits;
};

Result Estimate(const char* solution, const char* guess){
    Result res;
    res.hits = 0;
    res.pseudo_hits = 0;
    int solution_mask = 0;
    for(int i=0; i<4; ++i){
        solution_mask |= 1 << (solution[i] - 'A');
    }
    for(int i=0; i<4; ++i){
        if(guess[i] == solution[i])
            ++res.hits;
        else if(solution_mask & ( 1<<(guess[i] - 'A')))
            ++res.pseudo_hits;
    }
    return res;
}

int Min(int a, int b){
    return a < b ? a : b;
}
Result Estimate1(const char* solution, const char* guess){
    Result res;
    res.hits = 0;
    res.pseudo_hits = 0;
    int num = 26 + 5;
    int guess_count[num], solution_count[num];
    memset(guess_count, 0, sizeof(guess_count));
    memset(solution_count, 0, sizeof(solution_count));
    for(int i=0; i<4; ++i){
        if(guess[i] == solution[i])
            ++res.hits;
        ++guess_count[(int)(guess[i]-'A')];
        ++solution_count[(int)(solution[i]-'A')];
    }
    char color[] = "RGBY";
    for(int i=0; i<4; ++i){
        int idx = (int)(color[i] - 'A');
        res.pseudo_hits += Min(guess_count[idx], solution_count[idx]);
    }
    res.pseudo_hits -= res.hits;
    return res;
}
int main(){
    char solution[] = "RYGB";
    char guess[] = "YRRR";
    Result res = Estimate(solution, guess);
    cout<<res.hits<<" "<<res.pseudo_hits<<endl;
    Result res1 = Estimate1(solution, guess);
    cout<<res1.hits<<" "<<res1.pseudo_hits<<endl;
    return 0;
}

全书题解目录:

Cracking the coding interview–问题与解答

全书的C++代码托管在Github上:

https://github.com/Hawstein/cracking-the-coding-interview

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出处:http://hawstein.com/2013/02/21/19.5/